RegionIO/CLAUDE.md

RegionIO — working notes

A Minecraft Java Edition server core in Go, targeting 26.1.2 / protocol 775. The goal is vanilla fidelity, not a lookalike: where vanilla behaviour is known, match it exactly.

README.md describes what the server does. This file is about how to work on it.

Commands

go build ./... && go vet ./...
make test          # go test ./...
make test-race     # go test -race ./...
make verify        # build, vet, tests, and race tests
make parity        # requires the committed vanilla block fixture

go run ./cmd/regionio -seed 12345            # serves on 0.0.0.0:25565
go run ./cmd/regionio -seed 12345 -world ""  # in-memory world, nothing read from or written to disk
go run ./cmd/gendump                         # client-free generator diagnostics
go run ./cmd/genfeatures                     # dumps the embedded feature/biome graph for inspection
go run ./cmd/vanillacapture                  # regenerate vanilla block parity fixture (Java 25)

Hard rules

No third-party dependencies. go.mod has none. NBT, zlib framing, MD5 seeding, noise, the density-function interpreter — all in-tree. Keep it that way.

Bump generatorVersion whenever the generator's output changes. It lives in internal/world/store.go and is stamped into every saved chunk; a mismatch makes the chunk regenerate. Without a bump, the chunks already on disk keep their old terrain and your change looks like it did nothing in exactly the area you are standing in — chunkAt prefers the store over the generator. TestGeneratorVersionStampRejectsStaleChunks covers the mechanism. For quick iteration, -world "" sidesteps persistence entirely. (The seed is guarded separately, by the world metadata file, and a seed mismatch is a hard error rather than a regeneration.)

Verify vanilla behaviour against the jar; don't recall it. See below.

Vanilla ground truth

None of these are redistributable, so all are gitignored. Obtain server.jar from Mojang.

Source	What it gives you
.refjava/	Decompiled classes for the parts we port: Climate, SurfaceRules, SurfaceSystem, Aquifer, DensityFunctions, NoiseRouterData, NoiseBasedChunkGenerator, TerrainProvider, PalettedContainer, LevelChunkSection, ClientboundLevelChunkPacketData
versions/26.1.2/server-26.1.2.jar	The real (deobfuscated) server. The outer server.jar is only a bundler
generated/reports/	Datagen output: blocks.json, registries.json, packets.json, biome_parameters/

The inner jar also carries the complete worldgen datapack, which is the source for everything we still approximate: 259 placed_feature, 222 configured_feature, 66 biome (with per-stage features and carvers), 5 configured_carver, 35 structure, 1359 structure NBTs — 648 KB for the feature/biome/carver set.

Three ways in, cheapest first:

unzip -p versions/26.1.2/server-26.1.2.jar data/minecraft/worldgen/biome/plains.json
javap -p -c -classpath versions/26.1.2/server-26.1.2.jar net.minecraft.world.level.chunk.Strategy

javap settles questions the decompiled subset does not cover. It is how the biome palette threshold was pinned down: Strategy$2 switches {0..3} and everything above falls through to the global palette, which .refjava/ alone could not show.

When a constant has to come from vanilla's runtime rather than its source or reports, dump it with a Java program run against the jar. tools/VanillaBlockStateDump.java is the one that exists — it walks the block-state registry and emits, per state, light opacity and emission, voxel face-occlusion masks, and the blocksMotion / fluid / leaves flags the heightmaps need, into internal/world/block_properties.bin. Rebuild it with:

CP="versions/26.1.2/server-26.1.2.jar;$(find libraries -name '*.jar' | tr '\n' ';')"
javac -nowarn -cp "$CP" -d <out> tools/VanillaBlockStateDump.java
java -cp "<out>;$CP" VanillaBlockStateDump > internal/world/block_properties.bin

The 39 jars under libraries/ are required; the server jar alone will not boot the registry. Bump the format version in both the Java and internal/world/block_properties.go whenever the layout or a flag's meaning changes.

The same trick verifies output, not just constants. tools/VanillaChunkFormatCheck.java opens a region file we wrote with vanilla's own RegionFile, NbtIo, Strategy and SimpleBitStorage and fails if the root is not flat, a section Y is not a byte, or a palette array is not the width vanilla derives from its palette size. Note the server jar is signed, so a helper cannot be declared inside a net.minecraft.* package — reach protected members by reflection instead.

Substring-matching block names is how the light table was wrong before (grass_block matched "grass", bedrock matched "bed"); don't reintroduce that shape of guess anywhere.

Layout

cmd/regionio/     entry point (flags, listener, graceful shutdown)
cmd/gendump/      client-free generator diagnostics — biome spread, surface blocks,
                  subsurface banding, deep-layer composition, bedrock band, fluid census,
                  cross-section
cmd/genblocks/    generates internal/worldgen/generated_blocks.go from the block report
cmd/genfeatures/  dumps the embedded placed/configured feature + biome graph
cmd/genlight/     legacy light-table generator, superseded by tools/VanillaBlockStateDump.java
tools/            Java dumpers run against the jar, plus their Go-side fixtures
internal/protocol/  VarInt, framing, compression, packet IDs
internal/nbt/       NBT codec (modified UTF-8)
internal/registry/  28 embedded synced registries + tags, verbatim from vanilla
internal/world/     chunk model, wire encoder, cache + tickets, Anvil store, lighting,
                    the chunk generator itself (vanilla.go), decoration
internal/worldgen/  the library: noise, density-function interpreter, surface rules,
                    aquifer, climate/biome finder, embedded datapack under data/
internal/network/   per-connection state machine
internal/server/    shared core: config, sessions, status, profiles, entity loops

Note the split: internal/worldgen is a library over the datapack; the chunk generator that drives it is internal/world/vanilla.go.

Fidelity status

Bit-exact and parity-tested — treat as settled, change only with a vanilla reference in hand: random.go (Xoroshiro128++, upgradeSeedTo128bit, MD5 seeding), improved_noise.go, perlin_noise.go, normal_noise.go, blended.go, spline.go, density.go, the 4×8×4 cell grid with trilinear interpolation, the climate/biome finder, and the chunk wire encoder (TestGoldenAgainstVanilla compares bytes against a real vanilla chunk).

Ported from the decompiled source and checked by behaviour rather than by bytes — faithful as far as we can tell, but no vanilla capture confirms them: the aquifer (worldgen/aquifer.go, the whole of Aquifer.NoiseBasedAquifer bar shouldScheduleFluidUpdate), the surface-rule interpreter (worldgen/surface.go, every condition the overworld tree uses), the badlands clay bands (worldgen/bandlands.go), and the column pass in world/vanilla.go that mirrors SurfaceSystem.

The whole noise_router is parsed. preliminary_surface_level is reachable through od.PreliminarySurfaceLevelAt, which quart-aligns and memoises across chunks the way NoiseChunk does. The vein_* keys drive OreVeinifier during the material pass.

The rule tree is seed-bound: od.SurfaceRule() returns a *SurfaceRuleSet compiled against the world's RandomState, because noise_threshold and vertical_gradient cannot work without it. Get a context from NewContext, call BeginColumn per column, then Apply per block.

Two things a surface rule cannot do silently: name a block that is not in worldgen/blockids.go (that is a parse error now — it used to resolve to 0 and get dropped, which is how deepslate went missing from the whole world), and be added without the world's height bounds (anchors resolve at parse time).

Known gaps, roughly in order of how visible they are:

• Feature replay covers the underground stages, not everything. worldgen/features.go parses the placed/configured feature graph (placement modifiers, anchors, biome filters) and the production region replay runs it for stage-2 geodes, the whole stage-6 schedule (ores with real deepslate targets, underwater magma between copper and the disks, disk features), and lush-cave vegetation patches — see world/feature_scheduler.go and world/region_ores.go. Trees, flora, springs, desert features, rocks, lakes, and structures are still hand-written in world/vanilla.go.
• Trees are a reference implementation, not vanilla: only straight-trunk/blob-foliage configs place (trees.go), placement ignores per-position biome checks and would-block conditions, and trunks stop two blocks inside the chunk so canopies never cross chunk borders. Vanilla trees write into neighbours; the region infrastructure already supports that.
• No lakes. Stage-1 lake features are not replayed; the base-terrain diagnostic's air→lava and some clustered stone→water pairs are exactly these.
• No PerlinSimplexNoise, so two corners of Biome.coldEnoughToSnow are missing: the height adjustment that cools a column above sea level + 17, and the frozen temperature modifier that warms patches of frozen ocean. Base temperatures are real (worldgen/biome_temperature.go, extracted from the jar's 65 biome JSONs). The overworld tree reaches minecraft:temperature from exactly one rule — whether a hole in a frozen ocean floor ices over — so neither omission is visible; snowy peaks come from biome selection, not from this condition.
• erodedBadlandsExtension and frozenOceanExtension are not ported. SurfaceSystem runs both outside the rule tree, for eroded badlands spires and frozen-ocean icebergs.

Parity baseline (fixture seed 12345): biomes and heightmaps exact everywhere; blocks 95.378% through the single-chunk path, 98.028% through the production region replay. A featureless vanilla capture (cmd/vanillacapture -featureless -blocks-only, biomes stripped to their carvers) proves the undecorated pipeline bit-exact against it — density, surface rules, carvers, aquifers, and noise-router veins match every one of the fixture's cells — so the residual block gap is entirely inside feature replay. Monster rooms (stage 3, world/monster_rooms.go) now replay between geodes and the ores with vanilla's draw order, so the air pockets ore ellipsoids roll discards against exist where the schedule puts them; the fixture's four chunks contain no dungeons, so the measured number did not move. The unreplayed air-writing stages are lava lakes (stage 1) and the remaining structure sets: the fixture carries ruined-portal and mineshaft pieces (obsidian/gold/planks markers), and a cobblestone-and-water pocket in chunk (-1,-1) that no replayed feature explains — attributing it is the open lead for closing the gap further.

Testing worldgen

make verify is the gate, but most generator defects are invisible to it — they show up as terrain that looks wrong. cmd/gendump exists for that: biome distribution, top surface blocks, subsurface banding, deep-layer composition, the bedrock band, the underground fluid census, the badlands clay bands, and an ASCII cross-section, with no client involved. Add an assertion to it whenever you fix a class of defect; the bedrock-band check is the model — it prints per-layer counts and fails loudly on any air or water in the floor. The fluid census is the same shape: it prints water as a share of the open volume under inland chunks (3.8% now, 100% before the aquifer) and fails if caves flood again.

Anything gendump can assert on, prefer to also assert in a test. internal/world carries four that started as gendump checks and run under make verify: TestCavesAreDry, TestNoFluidUnderBedrock, TestGrassColumnsHaveDirt, TestDeepslateLayer.

go test -race needs cgo and a C toolchain; on a Windows box without gcc, make test-race cannot run at all.

cmd/vanillacapture runs the official bundler jar in an isolated temporary world, force-loads fixed chunks, reads their region files, and writes internal/world/testdata/vanilla_overworld_12345.bin. The fixture contains every block state, 4x4x4 biome cell, and three heightmaps. Java 25 is required. make parity requires the fixture and fails when it is absent; ordinary go test ./... skips that one test so a fresh checkout remains buildable without Mojang's non-redistributable jar. Once the fixture is committed, ordinary CI guards the measured baseline while make parity requires exact equality. The older optional /tmp/vanilla_ground.json height report remains diagnostic only.

Beyond the always-on tests, internal/world carries env-gated diagnostics for hunting the residual parity gap (all skip unless the variable is set): REGIONIO_REGION_ORE_DIAGNOSTIC=1 compares the legacy / center-only / region-replay ore paths per state, and REGIONIO_BASE_TERRAIN_DIAGNOSTIC=1 classifies fixture mismatches by what could have written each side. TestVanillaBaseTerrainParity compares against testdata/vanilla_base_12345.bin, a capture of vanilla running with features and structure sets stripped out; regenerate it after any change to the derived-datapack logic:

go run ./cmd/vanillacapture -server server.jar -featureless -blocks-only \
    -port 25585 -output internal/world/testdata/vanilla_base_12345.bin